During forensic investigation artificial intelligence techniques and the use of appropriate forensic tools play important roles to detect activities related to cybercrime. The sustainability of digital forensics depends on the use of appropriate technology to curb various forms of cybercrimes. When such illegal activities (cybercrimes) are carried out, it is essential for digital forensic investigators to identify the malicious usages, the dynamics of the crime, identify the perpetrators or the individuals behind the crime, reconstruct the crime patterns, interpret the criminal activities and charge the personalities involved to the court of law. These benefits can also be exploited by malicious users to carry out illegal activities. The easy accessibility of stored data on the cloud storage with the use of wide range of digital devices offers both the economic and technical opportunities to its subscribers. Therefore, it can serve as a base to expand research in the forensic analysis of other privacy browsers and improve the efficiency of cybercrime investigations efficiency. This paper also provides an investigative methodology for the acquisition and analysis of Tor browser artifacts from different areas of the targeted operating systems.
We find that it is possible to retrieve significant details about a user’s browsing activities while the Tor browser is in use as well as after it is closed (on both operating systems). Our results do not support the claims made by the Tor Project regarding user privacy and anonymity. before, during, and after use of the Tor browser.
We examine the registry, storage, and memory of Windows 10 devices and the memory, storage, logs, and Zram of Android 10 devices for three possible scenarios i.e. This paper investigates artifacts from the Tor privacy browser on the latest Windows 10 and Android 10 devices to determine potential areas where evidence can be found. This functionality of Tor has been a major hurdle in cybercrime investigations due to the complex nature of its anonymity.
Tor is a well-recognized and widely used privacy browser based on The Onion Router network that provisions anonymity over the insecure Internet. One example is the shift towards using private browsers such as Tor. This has contributed towards an increased number of cyber-crime incidents, resulting in an increase in users’ consciousness about the security and privacy of their communication. One of the major issues with the Internet today is its lack of security since an eavesdropper can potentially intercept the communication. Smartphones and Internet have become prevalent in our society with various applications in businesses, education, healthcare, gaming, and research.
Finally, the proposed survey identifies and derives current challenges and future research directions in computer forensics. The proposed survey also presents a comparative analysis based on the tool’s characteristics to facilitate investigators in tool selection during the forensics process. The proposed research survey focuses on identifying the current state-of-the-art digital forensics concepts in existing research, sheds light on research gaps, presents a detailed introduction of different computer forensic domains and forensic toolkits used for computer forensics in the current era. Forensic agencies and law enforcement departments use several digital forensic toolkits, both commercial and open-source, to examine digital evidence. Cyberattacks on computing machines leave certain artifacts on target device storage that can reveal the identity and behavior of cyber-criminals if processed and analyzed intelligently. With the alarmingly increasing rate of cybercrimes worldwide, there is a dire need to combat cybercrimes timely and effectively.
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